What is a stigmata? Are stigmata biblical?

from the old testament

• The Old Testament does not describe any instance of a person miraculously receiving marks on their body to mirror divine suffering. No prophet or righteous figure bears God’s wounds physically.
• The Old Testament consistently condemns self-inflicted wounds or ritual markings, especially those associated with idolatry or pagan worship practices (Leviticus 19:28; Deuteronomy 14:1; 1 Kings 18:28). While stigmata are not self-inflicted, these passages show that bodily markings were not encouraged as spiritual signs.
• The Old Testament teaches that God primarily marks His people spiritually, not physically, as seen in God placing His “mark” on His faithful symbolically through protection or identity (Ezekiel 9:4), not through physical wounds or bleeding.
• The Old Testament emphasizes obedience, faithfulness, and internal devotion—not outward wounds—as the true sign of belonging to God, such as God’s requirement for a circumcised heart (Deuteronomy 10:16; 30:6) and His call to inward faithfulness rather than external displays (1 Samuel 16:7).

from the new testament

• The term stigmata comes from the Greek word stigma, meaning “mark” or “brand.” In later Christian tradition, it came to describe spontaneous wounds resembling those Jesus suffered during His crucifixion. The phenomenon is most closely associated with medieval Catholic mystics, such as Francis of Assisi, and later figures who claimed to bear these wounds as tokens of a profound spiritual union with Christ. These accounts were often tied to intense meditation on Christ’s passion and viewed as a sign of mystical participation in His sufferings.
• From a biblical perspective, the New Testament does not describe or endorse such experiences. Many reported cases have natural explanations. Some instances have been linked to self-inflicted injuries or psychosomatic effects—especially in individuals already prone to illness, fasting, or emotional distress. Even if some cases seem unexplainable, Scripture gives no reason to believe that God would physically reproduce Christ’s wounds on His followers as a sign of devotion.
• When Paul wrote, “I bear on my body the marks of Jesus” (Galatians 6:17), his statement must be read within the letter’s context. In Galatians, Paul was opposing the teaching that circumcision or any outward ritual is required for salvation. He insisted that believers are made new through faith in Christ alone (Galatians 6:15). Earlier, Paul had confronted Peter for compromising out of fear of opposition (Galatians 2:11–14), illustrating the temptation to avoid persecution by “going along” with Jewish expectations. Paul refused to do so, and as a result, he suffered greatly. His “marks” were not mystical wounds but literal scars earned through persecution as he preached the true gospel. These visible reminders of suffering contrasted sharply with the empty pride of those seeking religious status through external rituals.
• Similarly, Peter’s exhortation in 1 Peter 4:12–16 calls believers not to be surprised at the “fiery trial” they endure. He was writing to Christians facing persecution simply for following Christ and explaining the purpose behind their suffering. Peter connected such hardship with Christ’s own experience, teaching that when believers share in His sufferings, they also share in His glory. He was not talking about having Jesus’ literal wounds but reminding his readers that faithfulness to Christ in a hostile world always carries a real cost.
• Taken together, the New Testament consistently connects suffering for Christ with persecution. Whether or not such persecution leaves “marks,” the suffering is a result of how following Jesus runs counter to the grain of the world. Believers are called to endure hardship, ridicule, and even physical harm as they follow Jesus and proclaim His name. These are the true “marks” of belonging to Him.
• For that reason, every follower of Christ is invited to “take up his cross daily” (Luke 9:23). This means dying to self, embracing obedience, and accepting that hardship will come. Whether in ridicule, loss, or persecution, suffering for Christ unites believers with their Savior—not through mystical wounds, but through a faithful life lived for His glory.

implications for today

Christians should be cautious about accepting every report of miraculous experiences as genuine acts of God. Scripture warns that even signs and wonders can be deceptive when not tested by truth (2 Thessalonians 2:9–10). Our confidence should never rest in reports of mystical displays but in the sure Word of God. Rather than seeking miracles, believers are called to live faithfully, trusting that the Spirit’s quiet work of obedience, endurance, and love is the most valid evidence of devotion to Christ.

Following Jesus will inevitably involve suffering. Faithfulness in a fallen world means opposition will come, though the form and strength it takes may differ for each believer. Some endure ridicule, others rejection, and some even physical persecution. None of these makes one Christian more spiritual than another. God calls each of His children to bear whatever cross He appoints, and all share the same reward—fellowship with Christ in His glory. The goal is not to receive marks on our body, but to bear His likeness in our lives.