How do man's free will and God's sovereignty work together in salvation?

from the old testament

• Several Old Testament passages highlight the interplay between God’s sovereignty and human responsibility, showing that while God is in control, people still make meaningful choices. In Genesis 4:7, God tells Cain that sin is crouching at the door, but he must master it. Cain had a real choice even though God knew the outcome.
• God set before Israel life and death in Deuteronomy 30:19-20, urging them to choose life. He sovereignly establishes the conditions but gives humans the ability to choose.
• Joshua calls Israel to choose whom they will serve in Joshua 24:15. God’s sovereignty doesn’t eliminate human responsibility to make moral decisions.
• God knows all our days before we live them (Psalm 139:16). His knowledge and plan encompass our choices without coercing them.
• Proverbs 16:9 says, “The heart of man plans his way, but the Lord establishes his steps.” We plan and choose, yet God’s sovereignty ensures His will ultimately prevails.

from the new testament

• A basic biblical description of God's sovereignty is His kingship, His rule, and the fact that He has the final authority in everything. Sovereignty means that from the highest king to the smallest atom, everything bows, ultimately, to His power (Romans 14:11, 11:36).
• Free will, as regards the choice we make to accept or reject salvation, is not explicitly mentioned in the Bible, but the phrase "free will" is popularly used to describe the concept of man's ability to make choices as he goes through his life and his responsibility to make the right choices.
• It is true that man's salvation is determined, and effected, by God (Romans 8:29; 1 Peter 1:2).
• God chose to save His elect before the foundation of the world (Ephesians 1:4), and those elect people are consistently referred to as the "chosen" of God (Romans 8:33, 11:5; Ephesians 1:11; Colossians 3:12; 1 Thessalonians 1:4; 1 Peter 1:2, 2:9).
• The word "elect" is also used continually throughout Scripture (Matthew 24:22, 31; Mark 13:20, 27; Romans 11:7; 1 Timothy 5:21; 2 Timothy 2:10; Titus 1:1; 1 Peter 1:1).
• The Bible repeatedly confirms that believers are both predestined (Romans 8:29-30; Ephesians 1:5, 11) and elected (Romans 9:11, 11:28; 2 Peter 1:10) to salvation.
• It is also true that man is responsible to repent and believe in Christ (John 3:16; Romans 10:9-10). The experience of every Christian confirms that repentance from sin and belief in the blood of Christ to cover our sins is something we must do, willingly, to be saved.
• The Bible seems to indicate that the first step in salvation is not taken by us, but by God (John 6:44). Our hearts are changed by Him, making us new creatures, with a new desire for Him, and a new trajectory in life (2 Corinthians 5:17). Ephesians 2:1-5 and Romans 5:6-10 tell us that Christ died for us when we were "dead in trespasses" and still sinners and still His enemies. It is true that our hearts must respond to His love and to His call. But it is also true that the heart that responds to His call is by necessity a changed heart.

implications for today

God is sovereign. It is not possible for man's ability to choose to somehow trump or overrule God's sovereignty. Our choices cannot be made outside of His will. Yet, God made us to be able to make decisions, and we are fully responsible for the decisions we make. We are not robots just doing what God predetermines. Many questions arise in our minds when looking at these two realities side by side. How should we look at evangelism? Are we truly free to choose if His will is sovereign over ours? And how is it fair that we are held responsible for our actions if our salvation is according to His will?

The question lies in the nature of our will. Are we truly free? Scripture shows that our freedom exists within the boundaries of God’s sovereignty. We make real choices, feel genuine desires, and experience consequences, yet nothing occurs outside God’s knowledge or permission. We are influenced by many things, whereas God’s will is influenced fully by His nature and character. In this sense, we cannot say that our will is truly free. Yet, we are fully capable of making decisions, are responsible for what we allow to affect our will, and are fully responsible for the decisions we make. Understanding this helps us understand our role in responding to God and being responsible for how we live for Him.

It is not possible for a finite creature (man) to fully grasp the intricacies of God's infinite will (Romans 11:33-36). People have been discussing free will and sovereignty for ages and will continue to do so. It's good to think about it, to read the Bible, and to ask for wisdom to understand it. Yet, in the meantime, we must not forget that He has given us commands to follow. We are to take the gospel to the whole world (Matthew 28:18-20; Acts 1:8). We are to turn away from sin and follow Him, forsaking this world. We are to love Him and love our neighbors, our brothers, and our enemies, seeking to reflect Christ to a world that desperately needs Him.