What does the Hebrew word "hesed" mean?

from the old testament

• Hesed comes from a root word that means to bow one's head in courtesy to an equal. It is the idea of showing kindness above and beyond what is expected. In English, we might describe this Hebrew concept of hesed as benevolence, grace, ardent desire for someone, zeal toward a person, or abiding favor. This Hebrew word is used 253 times in 241 verses in the Old Testament and is used to describe humans showing kindness and mercy to other humans, humans showing devotion and faithfulness to God, and God extending unconditional love and unmerited mercy to humans. All these instances include the idea of the steadfast and continuing nature of a long-lasting and abiding kindness.
• Because of this feature of long-lasting commitment to kindness, hesed is often used in the context of covenants or oaths. When Abimelech wanted to make a peace treaty with Abraham when their servants squabbled over water rights to a well, he said, "As I have dealt kindly with you, so you will deal with me" (Genesis 21:23). The word "kindly" in this verse is the Hebrew word hesed. Abimelech wanted a lasting kindness to be extended between them.
• Similarly, when Jonathan made a covenant with David, knowing that David was God's anointed king and that Jonathan might not survive the transition of power between his father and David, he asked, "Do not cut off your steadfast love from my house forever, when the LORD cuts off every one of the enemies of David from the face of the earth" (1 Samuel 20:15). "Steadfast love" in this verse is the Hebrew word hesed.
• Jonathan wanted David to extend love, kindness, and mercy to him and his descendants after David ascended to the throne. When David kept this promise, he explained to Jonathan's descendant, "Do not fear, for I will show you kindness for the sake of your father Jonathan" (2 Samuel 9:7). "Kindness" in this verse is the Hebrew word hesed and entails the fact that not only would David not kill this man as a threat to his power, but also, David would instead return to him his ancestral land and allow him to eat as a guest at the king's own table.
• Covenants between humans are not the only context in which we see this Hebrew word. Hesed is also used to describe humans' faithful devotion to the Lord. The chronicler in 2 Chronicles records that Hezekiah's "good deeds" and Josiah's "good deeds" are written in the Book of the Kings of Judah and Israel (2 Chronicles 32:32; 35:26). "Good deeds" in these verses is the Hebrew word hesed.
• Similarly, Nehemiah asked God, "Remember me, O God, concerning this and do not wipe out my good deeds that I have done for the house of my God and for his service" (Nehemiah 13:14). So, these "good deeds" were actually a lifelong faithful devotion to the Lord, as expressed by the Hebrew concept of hesed.
• The ultimate example of faithful and abiding love is the love God shows to His people. God revealed to Moses that He is "The LORD, the LORD, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness, keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin" (Exodus 34:6–7). "Steadfast love" in these two verses is the Hebrew word hesed. Here, we can see its connection to mercy, grace, forgiveness, and this idea of a continuing commitment to extend goodness toward future generations.
• Moses used this description of God when praying for forgiveness for the people. He reminded God of His promise to be "slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love, forgiving iniquity and transgression" (Numbers 14:18).
• Near the end of his ministry, Moses reminded the people again of these characteristics of God in Deuteronomy 5:10.
• This steadfast love of God is referenced numerous times throughout the Psalms. In fact, every verse in Psalm 136 ends with the refrain "for His steadfast love endures forever."

from the new testament

• We see the full extent of God's love in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. God provided a Savior not only for the Jews, but for all people (Galatians 3:26–29). He was faithful to His promise to Abraham to bless all the families of the earth through him (Genesis 12:1–3; Galatians 3:16–18). God is unchanging. The hesed love of God that Moses described is the same steadfast love He has for all who put their trust in Him.

implications for today

The most incredible example of hesed is that God Himself exhibits a faithful devotion and unconditional love for His people despite their failings. We can have confidence in God's love because it is this Hebrew concept of hesed. God’s hesed toward us should first lead us to praise and thank Him. He is perfect and not obligated to show kindness toward us, yet He does because of His great love for us.

In response, we should also express God’s hesed to others. We can do this by intentionally showing kindness, mercy, and faithfulness in our relationships, even when it is difficult or when others do not “deserve” it. Practically, this might mean forgiving those who have hurt us, offering help to someone in need without expecting anything in return, or remaining loyal and supportive to friends and family through challenges. It also includes being patient and compassionate, reflecting God’s enduring love in our words and actions. By intentionally practicing hesed, we create a ripple effect of God’s steadfast love in our communities, modeling His character and drawing others toward His grace. In doing so, our lives become living testimonies of God’s faithful devotion, and we participate in His work of restoration and reconciliation in the world.