Is Communion supposed to be open or closed?

TL;DR:

Open Communion welcomes all believers, while closed Communion limits the table to church members. Only repentant believers should partake of Communion, though churches can decide how best to honor Christ and the sacrament.

what does the bible say?

Churches use the terms open and closed Communion to describe who may participate in the Lord’s Supper. In open Communion, all believers who profess faith in Christ are invited to partake. In closed Communion, participation is limited to members of that specific local church.

The Bible teaches that church leaders are responsible for shepherding those under their care (Hebrews 13:17; Acts 20:28). Membership is the means by which congregations identify who exhibits the true fruit of being a believer, and this belongs to that local body and falls under its spiritual oversight. Because pastors can only confidently protect those who are clearly part of their flock, some churches restrict Communion to members as a way to protect both the church and those participating in it.

The Bible’s instructions about Communion are simple. Participants must be genuine believers and must not take the Lord’s Supper in an unworthy manner—that is, while harboring unrepentant sin or causing division within the body (1 Corinthians 11:27–29).

Therefore, whether a church practices open or closed Communion depends on how it believes those requirements are best upheld. Both approaches aim to preserve the holiness of the table, encourage self-examination, and ensure that the Lord’s Supper is observed in a manner that honors Christ and strengthens His people.

from the old testament

Communion is not addressed in the Old Testament. However, the Passover (Exodus 12:1–30) was a communal meal in which all Israelite families who were part of God’s covenant participated. Those outside the covenant (e.g., Egyptians) were excluded. This suggests that sacred meals in God’s plan were meant for those in covenant relationship with Him.
Leviticus emphasizes God’s holiness and the need for purity when approaching Him (Leviticus 11:44–45; 19:2).
The sacrificial system required offerings to be without defect (Leviticus 1:3; 3:1). This mirrors Paul’s instruction in 1 Corinthians 11:27–29 about discerning the Lord’s body and not partaking in a way that is unworthy, showing that participation in sacred rites is linked to one’s spiritual state.

from the new testament

The New Testament assumes that believers are part of a defined local body, where they receive teaching, discipline, and encouragement (Acts 2:41–47; Hebrews 10:24–25). Church leaders are called to shepherd “the flock of God that is among you” (1 Peter 5:2) and will one day give an account for those they lead (Hebrews 13:17). Membership clarifies this responsibility by identifying who belongs to a particular congregation and who is under its oversight.
The heart of a pastor is not just to protect Communion from false believers, but also to safeguard unbelievers from drinking additional judgment on themselves. For example, Paul’s teaching on the Lord's Supper underscores the need for careful oversight. He warned the Corinthians that to eat and drink “in an unworthy manner” brings judgment (1 Corinthians 11:27–29). The Lord’s Supper is a sacred act intended for repentant believers who walk in fellowship with Christ and His people.
Other churches practice open Communion. They invite all professing believers who are walking with Christ to join after a period of self-examination and reflection (1 Corinthians 11:23-26). Rather than limiting participation to members, they rely on individual responsibility before the Lord (John 3:18), providing explicit instruction and warning beforehand to limit misuse. Both approaches seek to honor Christ’s command that all believers should participate while also preserving the holiness of His table.

implications for today

How a church practices Communion reflects its desire to honor Christ and protect the holiness of His table. Whether your church observes open or closed Communion, the proper response is humility. God has entrusted church leaders with the responsibility of shepherding the flock and guarding the ordinances, and membership is one way they fulfill that calling. By identifying who belongs to the congregation, leaders can better care for souls, teach truth, and protect the church from harm. If your church requires membership to participate in Communion, accept that boundary as a safeguard and trust that your leaders are acting in your spiritual best interest.

If you visit a church that practices closed Communion, don’t be offended if you are asked to refrain from partaking. Allow the elements to pass, remembering that the leaders are seeking to protect what Scripture calls holy. Their goal is not to exclude believers but to do their best at ensuring that the Lord’s Supper is taken in a worthy manner. Whatever the setting, approach Communion with gratitude and reverence, examining your heart and rejoicing that through Christ, you already share in the most profound unity of all—belonging to Him and to His people.

understand

Open Communion welcomes all believers; closed limits participation to church members.
Only repentant believers should partake, with self-examination.
The Bible does not prescribe how to take Communion, so churches may choose to practice open or closed Communion.

reflect

How do you examine your heart before partaking in Communion to ensure you approach it with repentance and reverence?
How do you respond to the way a church practices Communion?
How can you honor Christ in the way you participate in the Lord’s Supper, regardless of whether it is open or closed?

engage

How does your church’s approach to Communion reflect its understanding of spiritual oversight and accountability?
How might open or closed Communion impact the unity and spiritual growth of the congregation?
How can believers balance individual responsibility with the church’s need to protect the holiness of the Lord’s Supper?