The Book of Tobit is an intertestamental narrative that tells the story of Tobit and his family during the Assyrian exile. Though it offers spiritually rich lessons—such as God working through angels, providence guiding human actions, and the rewards of faithful endurance—its historical and theological content raises significant concerns. The story contains historical inconsistencies, including errors in genealogy and timelines, and situates events in locations and under circumstances not corroborated by verified records. Theologically, Tobit presents practices such as using fish parts for healing and exorcism (Tobit 6:1-17; 8:3-7), and introduces figures like the angel Raphael and demon Asmodeus, neither of which are confirmed elsewhere in Scripture. It also teaches that almsgiving alone contributes to salvation (Tobit 4:11; 12:9). These elements conflict with Old Testament teachings against magic and false practices (Exodus 22:18; Deuteronomy 18:10-12) and the New Testament emphasis on salvation by grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8-9; John 3:16). Despite these issues, Tobit remains a culturally significant text, even if it does not hold canonical authority in Protestant or Hebrew Scripture traditions.
The Book of Tobit is one of the books in the collection of the Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical Books that is considered authoritative in the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Protestant groups do not accept the Book of Tobit as it was not considered authoritative in the Jewish collection of authoritative books. Based on fragments of this writing found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the likely origin of the Book of Tobit is the second century BC.
The account includes the story of Tobit (or Tobias) who was exiled to Nineveh with his family around 722 BC after the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Tobit and his family sought to live for God. After being blinded, Tobit asks God to allow him to die. The same day, a relative named Sarah asks to die because she had been married seven times, yet a demon named Asmodeus had killed each husband before the marriage could be consummated.
Before his expected death, Tobit commands his son Tobiah to return money to a relative. The angel Raphael accompanies Tobiah. While Tobiah washes his feet in the Tigris River, a large fish attacks his foot. Raphael orders Tobiah to remove its heart, liver, and gall bladder for medicine. Tobiah is told of Sarah and to use the liver and heart of the fish to burn for protection against the demon Asmodeus on the night he weds Sarah.
Tobiah and Sarah wed and return to Nineveh where the angel Raphael instructs Tobiah to use the fish gall bladder to heal his father from blindness. Raphael disappears and Tobit sings a hymn of praise. Tobit then commands his son to leave Nineveh before God destroys it. Tobias later buries his father and mother and moves to Media with his own family.
Some historical and theological errors in the work have been noted. Among these is that Tobit 1:15 incorrectly notes that Sennacherib was Shalmaneser's son (rather than the son of Sargon II). Also, Tobit implied he was alive during the reign of Jeroboam I (930 BC), but at his death he was noted as 117 years old. However, some scholars have proposed ways of handling these concerns that reveal these may or may not truly be inconsistencies.
Of greater concern are some of the Book of Tobit's theological teachings. One concerning teaching is certainly the apparent condoning of magic in connection with the use of fish body parts to heal or fight off demons. Also, the demon named Asmodeus and the angel named Raphael are figures mentioned nowhere else in the Old or New Testaments. This in itself does not make the account inaccurate, yet is unique information not corroborated by the rest of Scripture. A third concern about the Book of Tobit’s teaching is that almsgiving alone would save a person (4:11; 12:9), a clear contrast with the New Testament's teaching of salvation by grace alone through faith alone in Jesus Christ alone (Ephesians 2:8-9). John 3:16 is clear, "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life."
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