What is the theological study of pneumatology?

from the old testament

• In the Old Testament, only certain people received the Holy Spirit, often for a specific task or for a limited period of time (e.g., Numbers 11:25; Judges 6:34; 1 Samuel 10:6).
• Still, the Holy Spirit was present from the beginning, participating in creation and sustaining life (Genesis 1:2; Psalm 104:30).
• The Holy Spirit also empowered God’s people for service and obedience (Judges 14:6; Isaiah 61:1).

from the new testament

• Since Jesus’ death, resurrection, and ascension, all believers in Jesus receive the Holy Spirit, who indwells them permanently (Acts 2:38; Romans 8:9).
• The Spirit continues to guide, teach, and convict believers, helping us live in accordance with God’s will (John 14:26; Romans 8:14; Galatians 5:16).
• The Person of the Holy Spirit has been subject to much discussion and debate throughout the history of the church. The Bible mentions the Holy Spirit synonymously with God, and Jesus commands His followers to baptize in the name [singular] of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19). Scholars point out that these and other teachings help us understand that the Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Triune Godhead.
• Pneumatology also considers exactly what constitutes the baptism of the Holy Spirit. First Corinthians 12:12-13 clearly notes that all believers are baptized by "one Spirit"; it is not a second blessing given after conversion, but something that happens when we receive Christ.
• Pneumatology examines the distinction between receiving the Holy Spirit and being filled with the Holy Spirit (Ephesians 5:18; Acts 4:31). A key passage regarding the receiving versus filling of the Holy Spirit is Ephesians 5:17-18 which reads, "Therefore do not be foolish, but understand what the will of the Lord is. And do not get drunk with wine, for that is debauchery, but be filled with the Spirit."
• The Bible is clear that the Holy Spirit gives each believer spiritual abilities and/or gifts. Key passages that refer to these gifts include 1 Corinthians 12 and 14, Romans 12, and Ephesians 4. Christians continue to debate whether such passages indicate that the sign gifts or charismatic gifts are still operating today, along with defining what each of the listed biblical gifts includes.

implications for today

The study of pneumatology is of tremendous importance to Christians as it is a study of God Himself. The Holy Spirit plays a vital role in each believer’s life. He is our Comforter (John 16:7 KJV) and helps in our prayers (Romans 8:26). The same power that raised Christ from the dead lives within every believer, working in us to convict us of sin, guide us in truth, and empower us to live godly lives (Romans 8:11; John 16:8; Galatians 5:16). Studying the role and work of the Holy Spirit protects us from the many inaccurate teachings that have circulated within churches and gives us power to live according to God’s ways instead of our own, fleshly, sinful ways. By engaging in pneumatology, we can grow personally and help others to live according to what Scripture truly teaches in this area.