What is the connection between predestination / election and foreknowledge?

from the old testament

• The Old Testament contains foundational concepts that connect to foreknowledge and election, even if the terms “predestination” and “foreknowledge” aren’t explicitly used as in the New Testament. For example, the Old Testament shows us that God chooses individuals and nations according to His purpose. Abraham was chosen to be the father of God’s covenant people (Genesis 12:1–3; 18:17–19). Jacob was also chosen over Esau before birth: “Before the twins were born… the older will serve the younger” (see Romans 9:10–13 quoting Malachi 1:2–3).
• God knows people and events ahead of time, which guides His actions in history. We see this as God’s plans for Israel are declared ahead of time in prophecy (Isaiah 46:10) and as God foretells the rise and fall of nations (Jeremiah 1:5, 25:9; Amos 3:2).
• God’s foreknowledge is relational, tied to His covenant promises. His choosing of Israel and the patriarchs reflects both knowledge and commitment (Exodus 19:5–6; Psalm 139:1–6).

from the new testament

• God’s foreknowledge is linked with His election and saving purposes. Paul explicitly connects foreknowledge with predestination in Romans 8:29, stating that “those whom He foreknew He also predestined,” showing that God’s prior knowledge of His people relates directly to His purposeful plan for their salvation and transformation (Romans 8:29). Foreknowledge isn’t mere awareness but is tied to God’s sovereign design for His people.
• Foreknowledge reflects God’s relational knowledge and covenant commitment. In passages like Romans 11:2 and 1 Peter 1:2, God’s foreknowledge is connected with His choosing and sanctifying believers according to His purpose before the foundation of the world, indicating that foreknowledge involves God’s relational commitment to His elect rather than merely seeing future human decisions.
• Predestination and election demonstrate God’s sovereign plan and are grounded in His foreknowledge, grace, and purpose. Ephesians 1:4–5 teaches that God chose believers in Christ before the foundation of the world and predestined them for adoption according to His will. Predestination is part of God’s eternal plan that flows from His foreknowledge, perfect character, and sovereign will. God’s sovereign choice in salvation is rooted in His eternal, purposeful knowledge rather than arbitrary action.

implications for today

The Arminian understanding of salvation is that God elected people to salvation based on what they would choose. Because God knew ahead of time who would believe, He chose or elected those particular people.

In the Reformed tradition, God both chose/elected those who would be saved ahead of time and knew how it would later take place. The emphasis is placed on God's sovereign control and knowledge of all things rather than human choice.

In both cases, it is affirmed that God chose ahead of time who would be saved and is in control of all things, including the salvation of all people.

As a perfect, infinite God who exists outside of time, He sees beginning and end of time and every moment in between at the same time. As Scripture teaches, "For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts" (Isaiah 55:9). We may not fully comprehend every aspect of salvation, but we can affirm what God has revealed in Scripture. He has chosen who will be saved, yet also calls His followers to share the Gospel and make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:18-20). Believers cannot lack in zeal for sharing the gospel because of God's sovereignty but instead can confidently share Christ, knowing that He is in control of the results. We also must not neglect responding to the Gospel on behalf of God’s sovereignty. Rather, each person is called to personally respond to God’s offer of salvation. Our responsibility is to hear, believe, and obey, while God, in His perfect wisdom and timing, works in the hearts of those He has chosen.

We may not fully understand how predestination and foreknowledge work together this side of eternity, but we must respond in faith, share the Gospel boldly, and leave the results in God’s hands, knowing that His plans will never fail (Philippians 2:13; Romans 8:28).