What is epistemology?

TL;DR:

Secular epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Biblical epistemology is the study of knowledge from a biblical perspective, focusing on how humans can know truth and the foundation for that knowledge within the framework of Scripture.

what does the bible say?

Christians believe the Word of God is true (Psalm 119:160; John 17:17) and that God, who is good and rational, created a universe of order and absolute truth (Genesis 1:1; Psalm 19:1-4; Romans 1:20). As such, Christians have a foundation upon which to acquire knowledge and wisdom (Proverbs 1:7; Colossians 2:2-3; 2 Timothy 3:16-17).

Epistemology in the Bible refers to the biblical worldview on the nature, sources, and justification of knowledge, which differs significantly from modern, secular epistemology. The Bible presents knowledge not merely as abstract information but as deeply personal, relational, and covenantal. The Hebrew term yada and the Greek term ginosko, both meaning "to know," emphasize experiential and relational understanding, often involving intimacy, care, and obedience. This contrasts with modern epistemology, which often treats knowledge as detached, informational, and value-neutral.

from the old testament

Proverbs 1:7 establishes a foundational principle for biblical epistemology: that true knowledge starts with a reverence for God. Wisdom is a central theme in Proverbs, representing more than just knowledge. Wisdom is the practical application of God's truth in daily life.

from the new testament

Romans 1:20 says of God, “For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse.” The order, intricacy, and wonder of creation speak to the existence of a powerful and glorious Creator.
Paul describes Christ as the One “in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge” (Colossians 2:3).
Scripture is the ultimate authority and source of knowledge for believers (2 Timothy 3:16-17).

implications for today

Modern, secular epistemology underpins secular worldviews, particularly naturalistic humanism. This theory of knowledge is grounded in reason, methodological naturalism, and skepticism. It holds that knowledge is derived from observable, measurable, and testable evidence, primarily through the scientific method. This epistemological framework rejects supernatural or revealed sources of knowledge, asserting that truth must be accessible through empirical investigation and rational analysis.

Christians, on the other hand, are grounded in the belief that God is the ultimate source of all knowledge (Proverbs 1:7; Colossians 2:3) and that He has revealed Himself through Scripture, creation, and personal experience. In the Bible, knowledge is more than mere accumulation of facts; it encompasses a deep understanding and discernment of spiritual truths, moral principles, and the nature of God.

understand

Epistemology examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge.
The foundation of secular epistemology is reason, methodological naturalism, and skepticism.
The foundation of biblical epistemology is God as revealed in Scripture, creation, and personal experience.

reflect

How does your understanding of God shape what you consider to be true knowledge?
How do you seek wisdom that goes beyond facts and applies God’s truth to your life?
How do you evaluate information or ideas in light of Scripture and your faith in Christ?

engage

How does a biblical worldview of knowledge contrast with secular approaches to truth and evidence?
How can we effectively share the reliability of God’s revelation with those who rely solely on empirical or scientific methods?
How does observing creation (general revelation) help both believers and skeptics recognize God’s wisdom and knowledge?