What is the Covenant Code or the Book of the Covenant (Exodus 20:22—23:33)?

TL;DR:

The Covenant Code refers to a specific portion of the Mosaic law. The Covenant Code reveals God’s character and His heart for His people to live holy lives that reflect Him.

The Covenant Code in Exodus outlines laws and principles reflecting God's justice, holiness, and relational expectations for His people. Jesus Christ fulfilled and transformed these principles. His life, death, and resurrection established a new covenant that enables people to live holy lives from a changed heart. Believers today are called to live out the values of the Covenant Code through faith in Jesus, empowered by the Holy Spirit. Thus, the Covenant Code finds its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, guiding believers to live in loving obedience and relationship with God and others.

from the old testament

Covenants in general are binding promises with rules. One or both parties of the agreement have a part to play. For example, God made a covenant with Abraham and then extended that covenant through Abraham's offspring in Isaac and Jacob. The Mosaic covenant, of which the Covenant Code is a part, was given by God through Moses to the Israelites after the exodus. God also made covenants with Noah and David. God is the initiator and fulfiller of these covenants. Humanity is incapable of keeping a covenant forever because of our sinful, imperfect state.
The Covenant Code is an academic term used to describe the laws given by God to the Israelites through Moses as written in Exodus 20:22—23:33. It is not a term in the actual biblical text but a way of referring to this section of God's law. It is sometimes also called the Book of the Covenant.
God's law to the Israelites can be divided into these sections:
The Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1–17)
The Covenant Code (Exodus 20:22—23:33)
The Deuteronomic Code (Deuteronomy 12—26)
The Leviticus Code (Leviticus 17—26)
The terminology of Covenant Code can also be used to apply to an overall understanding of every law God gave the Israelites through Moses starting with the rules for Passover in Exodus 12:14.
The Covenant Code, also referred to as the Mosaic law when understood in a broader sense, was meant to govern the relationship between God and His chosen people, the Israelites, as well as between the people themselves. The Covenant Code reflects God's holiness and showed the Israelites how to be holy as He is holy (Leviticus 19:1–2).

from the new testament

God asked the Israelites to keep the Book of the Covenant perpetually or in an ongoing manner (e.g., Exodus 29:9), yet God was always using these rules and worship systems to point to a better covenant. As Hebrews 8:5 explains, "They serve a copy and shadow of the heavenly things. For when Moses was about to erect the tent, he was instructed by God, saying, 'See that you make everything according to the pattern that was shown you on the mountain.'"
Jesus was always meant to be the mediator of a new and better covenant (Hebrews 8:1–13; 9:15; 10:1–14; 1 Timothy 2:5–6). The author of Hebrews points to Jeremiah's prophecy regarding the new covenant (Jeremiah 31:31–34) and explains, "in speaking of a new covenant, he makes the first one obsolete. And what is becoming obsolete and growing old is ready to vanish away" (Hebrews 8:13). The covenant codes were intended to last in an ongoing manner as long as the covenant was in place. Jesus fulfilled the covenant (Matthew 5:17–18; Galatians 3:16–29), ending the previous one.
Every law, rule, ritual, and vessel of the covenant codes of the Old Testament are a shadowy representation of a heavenly reality. For instance, the Passover was both a remembrance of the exodus from Egypt and a foreshadowing of the coming Passover Lamb in Christ Jesus (Exodus 12; 1 Corinthians 5:7). The entire sacrificial system pointed to Jesus' once-for-all sacrifice on the cross; after His resurrection, there was no further need for it (Hebrews 10:12–14).
This new, better covenant is not only for the Israelites but for anyone who believes in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior (Romans 3:21–26; Galatians 3:8–9, 27–29; John 3:16–18).

implications for today

The Covenant Code from Exodus provides more than just a set of laws; it offers principles that reveal God's character and His desire for relationship with His people. Today, we can apply its teachings by focusing on the underlying values it promotes: love for God and neighbor, justice, compassion, and holiness. Personally, we can cultivate a life of integrity and worship, seeking to honor God in our thoughts, actions, and relationships. The Covenant Code, while containing specific laws for ancient Israel, finds its ultimate fulfillment through Jesus Christ. Jesus emphasized and embodied the underlying principles of love, justice, and holiness that the Covenant Code sought to instill. He taught that all the Law and prophets hinge on the commandments to love God with all one's heart and to love one's neighbor as oneself (Matthew 22:37–40). Through His sacrificial death and resurrection, Jesus fulfilled the requirements of the old covenant, offering forgiveness of sins and reconciliation with God to all who believe in Him (Hebrews 9:15). His life and teachings redefined the covenant relationship with God, shifting the focus from external adherence to the Law to internal transformation through faith and grace. As believers in Christ, we now live under the new covenant, empowered by the Holy Spirit to live out the principles of the Covenant Code in ways that reflect Jesus' love and redemption for all humanity.

understand

The Covenant Code encompasses laws given by God to the Israelites through Moses, governing their relationship with God and each other.
The Covenant Code provides guidelines for worship, social justice, and moral conduct.
The Covenant Code anticipated a new covenant fulfilled by Jesus Christ.

reflect

How can reflecting on the principles of the Covenant Code, such as justice, compassion, and holiness, shape our daily interactions and decisions?
How can we cultivate a deeper understanding of God's character through studying the Covenant Code?
How does the concept of God's covenantal relationship with His people, as revealed in the Covenant Code, impact our understanding of grace and redemption through Jesus Christ?

engage

How do the laws and principles outlined in the Covenant Code relate to our modern concepts of justice, morality, and ethical behavior?
In what ways are we called to take to heart the Covenant Code if strict adherence to it is not what we are called to do?
How does Jesus Christ fulfill and transform the Covenant Code, and what implications does this transformation have for our understanding of God's covenantal promises and our role as believers in the new covenant?