Are women allowed to be deacons?

from the old testament

• The Old Testament does not explicitly mention “deacons” as a formal office—this is a New Testament role. However, the Old Testament provides examples of women serving in significant leadership and service roles within God’s people. For example, Deborah was a prophetess and judge over Israel (Judges 4:4–5). She exercised authority, gave guidance, and administered justice.
• Miriam was a prophetess who led worship and spoke God’s word to the people (Exodus 15:20–21).
• Women like Huldah were recognized as prophetesses (2 Kings 22:14–20).
• Many women participated in roles of teaching, serving in the temple, and supporting God’s work (Exodus 35:25–26; Judges 5:1–31).

from the new testament

• The issue of whether a woman can serve as a deacon in a local church has been one of great debate. The key verse concerning this issue is 1 Timothy 3:11 that refers to "women" or "wives" in the context of the qualifications of male deacons. The ESV translates, "Their wives likewise must be dignified, not slanderers, but sober-minded, faithful in all things." The debate is whether these "women" refer to the wives of the deacons discussed in verses 8–10 and 12–13, as the ESV seems to imply, or whether this Greek term refers to "women," meaning female deacons. Technically, either translation could fit, leaving some ambiguity regarding the originally intended meaning.
• Those who believe this passage refers to the wives of deacons note that the verse falls within verses on both sides that discuss qualifications of male deacons. Further, verse 12 refers to deacons as the husband of one woman, limiting deacons to men according to this view.
• The one other passage possibly referring to a female deacon, Phoebe in Romans 16:1, is most likely a general reference to a "servant," rather than an official role as deacon. Finally, there is no evidence of female deacons during the first century of the church.
• Those who believe the passage refers to female deacons note that there is a clear difference in 1 Timothy 3:11 from the qualifications for elders listed in verses 1–7, which do not place requirements on the wives of elders. An elder is a more prominent position than that of a deacon, so it seems strange to place requirements on a deacon's wife but not on an elder's.
• Further, Romans 16:1 is used to note evidence of a female deacon, though this verse may refer to Phoebe as a "servant," rather than a deacon.
• While a biblical case can be made for either view, the more likely scenario is that Paul had deacons' wives in mind in 1 Timothy 3:11. This would indicate deacons were intended as male servant leaders in the church. However, because it may be possible that the passage refers to female deacons, there are Bible-believing Christians, churches, and other organizations that hold to this view.

implications for today

The Bible is not entirely explicit on whether women can serve as deacons, leading to differing interpretations among Christians. Because of these ambiguities, some churches see room for women to serve as deaconesses, while others hold that the office of deacon is restricted to men. What is clear is that both men and women are equally valued by God and are called to serve the body of Christ according to their gifts and within biblical order (Galatians 3:28; 1 Timothy 2:11–12). Men are called to provide spiritual oversight for those in the church. The church needs strong, biblical male leaders. At the same time, the Bible also upholds the importance of women and calls them to serve in vital ministry roles—teaching, encouraging, serving, and using their gifts to build up the body of Christ—even if their offices or roles are different. Both men and women should seek to faithfully and passionately serve the body of Christ and to allow their complementary roles to strengthen the church and advance God’s work in the world.