What is the meaning of Revelation chapter 12?

from the old testament

• The woman in the Revelation 12 vision represents Israel. Joseph's dream about his father Jacob (Israel) and his mother and their children (whose names would later be assigned to the twelve tribes) is the first clue, as Joseph says that the sun, the moon, and eleven stars were bowing down to him (Genesis 37:9-11). The twelve stars represent the twelve tribes of Israel.
• The male child who will “rule all the nations with a rod of iron” (see Revelation 12:5) is Jesus. As Psalm 2:7-9 tells us, He will one day rule the nations of the earth with a rod of iron. Isaiah describes Jesus as the child born to us, the son that is given to us, the Prince of Peace and our Mighty God (Isaiah 9:6).
• The time the woman spends in the wilderness, the 1,260 days, refers to the second half of the Great Tribulation when the Antichrist breaks his agreement of peace with Israel and persecutes them (Daniel 9:26-27; Daniel 7:25).

from the new testament

• Revelation chapter 12 contains a description of a woman, who is clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and a crown of twelve stars atop her head (Revelation 12:1). The woman is pregnant and is about to give birth (Revelation 12:2). She is being pursued by a great red dragon, whose tail has swept a third of the stars from heaven and cast them to earth (Revelation 12:3-4). The dragon is standing by the woman to catch her child when she gives birth, in order to devour the child (Revelation 12:4). But when she gives birth, her child is caught up to God’s throne in heaven (Revelation 12:5), the woman flees to the wilderness, and she is nourished by God for 1,260 days (Revelation 12:6) or "a time, and times, and half a time," which signifies 3 ½ years (Revelation 12:14; see Daniel 9:27).
• Israel gives birth to the male child who will "rule all the nations with a rod of iron" and who was "caught up to God and to his throne" (Revelation 12:5); the child is Jesus Christ. Jesus ascended to God's throne in Heaven (Acts 1:9-11).
• The dragon spoken of in Revelation 12 is clearly Satan, who desires to destroy Israel and her child, Jesus Christ. The third of the stars he swept from the sky likely represent the angels that he tempted to follow him in his rebellion against God (Revelation 12:3-9; Luke 10:18).

implications for today

Satan has always tried to thwart God's plans, but God's purposes always prevail. When Herod sought to kill the infant Jesus (Matthew 2:13-16), God provided a way of escape. When religious leaders schemed to destroy Him, His death became the very means of salvation for the world (John 11:49-53). Even today, we see opposition to God's truth—whether through laws that contradict His design, persecution of believers, or personal attacks that tempt us to despair. Yet, Jesus was caught up to God and will return to rule; we can trust that no scheme of the enemy will stop God's kingdom. When we feel surrounded by opposition, we must remember that God's victory is already secured, and our role is to stand firm in faith, knowing He will reign forever.