Did the prophets predict a virgin would give birth to the Messiah?

from the old testament

• Messiah comes from the Hebrew word Mashiach (מָשִׁיחַ), which means “anointed one.” The first clear use of the word in a future sense—pointing beyond a current king to God’s promised ruler—is found in Psalm 2: “The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD and against his Anointed [Messiah]" (v. 2). This psalm looks beyond any single historical king and speaks of God’s chosen ruler who will reign over the nations by divine decree (Psalm 2:6–9).
• Later texts expand this idea explicitly, such as Daniel 9:25, which speaks of “an anointed one, a prince” in a clearly future-oriented prophecy.
• Despite not using this exact term, earlier passages promise a coming deliverer (e.g., Genesis 3:15; 2 Samuel 7:12–13).
• Now that Scripture has been completed, we can look back and see traces of the Messiah from the beginning. For example, in Genesis 3:15, God promises that the offspring of the woman will crush the serpent’s head, the earliest prophecy pointing to the Messiah’s coming birth and victory over sin.
• God declared that through Abraham’s offspring all nations will be blessed, narrowing the Messianic line (Genesis 12:3; 22:18).
• The Messiah was also foretold to come from the tribe of Judah, holding royal authority (Genesis 49:10).
• In 2 Samuel 7:12–13, God promised David that one of his descendants will establish an everlasting kingdom, identifying the royal line of the Messiah.
• Isaiah 7:14 explicitly references the virgin birth: “Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.”  The word translated “virgin” in this passage is ʿalmāh, which means a young woman of marriageable age, not explicitly a virgin (unlike bĕtûlāh). Jewish readers interpreted this as a normal conception rather than a miraculous one, so they traditionally didn't consider Isaiah 7:14 a Messianic text. Messianic expectations were more strongly tied to Davidic kingship, national restoration, and political deliverance, not a miraculous birth. But this doesn't exclude reading it as one, which Matthew did when applying the Isaiah verse typologically to Jesus’ birth, revealing Jesus as "Immanuel" (cf. Matthew 1:22–23). Therefore, progressive revelation tells us that we should read the Messianic prophecies as referring to Jesus as the Messiah.
• Isaiah 9:6–7 also foretells the birth of a divine child who will reign eternally on David’s throne, fulfilling God’s promise to David.
• Micah 5:2 specified where the Messiah would be born, in Bethlehem, though the passage continues to say that His origins are “from of old, from ancient days.” Looking back through the lens of progressive revelation, we can see that Jesus fulfilled the prophecies of the Messiah, such as being born in Bethlehem,but also eternal, being from ancient days.

from the new testament

• Matthew applies Isaiah 7:14 to Jesus’ birth (Matthew 1:22–23). Doing this shows Jesus as the ultimate “Immanuel.” Progressive revelation shows that the Messianic prophecies point to Jesus as the Messiah.

implications for today

Readers of mystery novels love the "Aha!" moment when all the minor clues and comments come together, and we realize how perfectly they all point to the main character all along. That's the imaginative work of a clever author. The Author of all left clues about the most significant event in human history, details that we can look back at now and realize were about the Messiah.

But the Israelites of Old Testament times did not connect the dots about the virgin birth to the Messiah, instead seeing them through the lens of political or historical events rather than a future, divine Savior. They expected a conquering king from David’s line who would restore Israel’s kingdom, not a suffering Messiah born miraculously to save the world from sin.

Yet God gradually unfolded His plan and revealed it to us. While first-century Jews may not have seen a virgin birth as central to the prophecies of the Messiah, we can see that this was all part of the plan. We can also look back and see that God’s unfolding prophecies point to Jesus as the ultimate fulfillment—the eternal “Immanuel” born miraculously of a virgin in Bethlehem. All the prophecies connect together, even if that wasn't clear to the Jewish readers of Scripture at the time. God’s plans, timing, and purposes are perfect, even when we do not fully understand them in the present.

How often do our expectations and understanding, or lack thereof, get in the way of seeing God’s work and trusting His plan? Like the Israelites, we can become so focused on what we think should happen that we miss the ways God is fulfilling His promises. May we study and know God’s Word, trusting in Him fully, even when His plan unfolds differently than we imagined.