Did God promise the Promised Land to Israel forever (Deuteronomy 4:40)?

from the old testament

• The Abrahamic covenant, God’s covenant with Abraham, established the land promise as being unconditional and eternal. It began with God promising an heir and offspring (Genesis 15:1–6) and the promise of that offspring receiving the Promised Land (Genesis 15:17–21). That land promise was made while Abraham slept, with God Himself performing a covenant ceremony (Genesis 15:12–17).
• A covenant is a solemn promise between two parties. In most cases, one party agrees to do certain things in exchange for the other party doing something for them. God making this covenant alone meant it was an unconditional promise. Neither Abraham nor his offspring needed to do anything to receive the Promised Land.
• In giving the land, God also gave very specific boundaries (Genesis 15:18–21). He was not promising just land in general but a very specific piece of land. For God to keep His promise, He needed to give them that specific piece of land.
• In a reiteration of His promises, God said, “I will give to you and to your offspring after you the land of your sojournings, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession, and I will be their God” (Genesis 17:8). Therefore, God promised not only to give that land but that it would be an eternal land grant.
• However, in Deuteronomy 4:40 we read, “Therefore you shall keep his statutes and his commandments, which I command you today, that it may go well with you and with your children after you, and that you may prolong your days in the land that the LORD your God is giving you for all time” (see, also, verses such as Deuteronomy 28:63–68). These passages sound like the land is contingent on Israel’s obedience. While God's promise of land was unconditional, the ability to live in that promised land was conditional. Israel’s rebellion didn’t mean she would lose the promise of an eternal land but that she would not be able to live in that land for a period of time if she disobeyed.
• The conditional aspect of living in the land was temporary when Israel disobeyed. It was not the permanent loss of the land but the temporary loss of access to it. As the people were being led into the final exile, which would ultimately break Israel apart as an independent nation, the prophets spoke of a future when God would bring them back. For example, Amos said, “I will restore the fortunes of my people Israel, and they shall rebuild the ruined cities and inhabit them; they shall plant vineyards and drink their wine, and they shall make gardens and eat their fruit. I will plant them on their land, and they shall never again be uprooted from the land that I have given them” (Amos 9:14–15).
• Restoration, however, would only be permanent through God changing the hearts of His people. Both Jeremiah and Ezekiel proclaimed that God would give them new, believing hearts as part of the final restoration to their land (Jeremiah 31:31–37, Ezekiel 36:24–28). While they did have opportunities to return to the land, Israel never returned as a nation and never regained what it once had.

from the new testament

• Paul, also an Israelite, expressed great sorrow at Israel’s plight (Romans 9:2–3). They were God’s people, had received His laws, and God had dwelt among them. Yet, out of their sin, they lost all of that. Romans 9–11 largely details all of this. Paul then states, “Has God rejected his people? By no means!” (Romans 11:1). Rather, God had partially hardened Israel so that, through her rebellion, He could save the world (Romans 11:11–25a).
• That partial hardening is only temporary “until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. And in this way all Israel will be saved” (Romans 11:25–26). Scholars debate what it means that “all Israel will be saved,” but contextually it’s best to understand this as God saving all Jews at that time, perhaps by changing their hearts en masse (cf. Ezekiel 36:24–28). Regardless of the actual interpretation, the point is that God has a future promise for Israel.
• However, the promise is not just that they will be saved but that they will have a specific place in the future kingdom. While the exact details are debated, when Jesus comes to reign on Earth, He will do so as King over Israel (Revelation 20:1–6; cf. Zechariah 14:16–17). At that point, not only will Israel be saved, but God’s eternal land promise will also be fulfilled.

implications for today

Today, we are living at a time where there seems to be a very real possibility of Israel being in the Promised Land, as they have been reestablished as a nation in that general area. However, even now, there is some dissonance between Israel and the Bible’s promise to restore His people to the land. Israel largely remains an unbelieving nation, having rejected her Messiah. The current nation is also a mix, ranging from highly orthodox to highly liberal. They do not yet have free access to the full land God promised Abraham (Genesis 15:18–21) and are surrounded by nations trying to kill them rather than going there to worship God (Zechariah 14:16). Therefore, Israel is currently not the coherent, God-worshiping nation Scripture leads us to expect in the future. However, even though Israel has not yet been restored fully to their land, we can be confident that it will happen. Is the current nation the start of the final, restored nation? We do not know. But what we do know is that God has never failed to fulfill a promise. Just as He promised the believer eternal life through Christ, He said that the Promised Land would be Israel’s eternal inheritance.

We should pray for the peace of Jerusalem and the people of Israel, asking God to continue His redemptive work, open the Jewish people's hearts to their Messiah, and bring about the fullness of His promises in His timing (Psalm 122:6). Supporting Israel does not mean uncritical approval of every action, but it does mean recognizing their unique place in God’s redemptive storyline and refusing to treat them with contempt or replacement thinking. Instead, we are to intercede for their salvation, just as Paul longed for Israel to come to Christ, and to remember that God’s plan includes both Israel and the nations being brought under the lordship of Jesus. As we pray for them, we are reminded that the same God who keeps His covenant with Israel is the God who keeps every promise He has made to us in Christ.