Biblical typology – What is it?

WHAT DOES THE BIBLE SAY?

Biblical typology is the biblical study of types. Types, meaning symbols, are used to represent something else. For example, the Passover lamb in Exodus served as a type or symbol of Jesus Christ who would later come as a sacrifice for the atonement of sins. While many books and much study have been devoted to the topic of biblical types, the most important types are those the Bible itself clearly identifies. For example, Jesus offers a way to have access to God directly just as the veil did for the high priest. The New Testament book of Hebrews provides the most frequent use of typology, yet other places make use of this literary feature as well, including typology of David and Elijah. Biblical typology deepens our understanding of God's redemptive work and emphasizes how the Old Testament foreshadows the coming of the Savior. Through typology, we see the seamless connection between the covenants and gain a richer perspective on God's ongoing faithfulness.

FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT

• In Exodus 12, the Passover was instituted by God and symbolized Jesus’ future redemptive work. The Passover included a sacrifice as a means of ransom from judgment, rescue and freedom from slavery, and entry into a new life.
• The elements of the Tabernacle of Moses symbolized many aspects of the Messiah (Exodus 25—40). The typology here includes the door, the sacrifice, the cleansing laver, the veil, the lampstand, the showbread, the incense, and the mercy seat.
• The designation of a high priest in Exodus 28 symbolizes the reality of Christ as our High Priest (see Hebrews 8—10).

FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT

• The tabernacle of the Old Testament served as a type according to Hebrews 9:8–9: "By this the Holy Spirit indicates that the way into the holy places is not yet opened as long as the first section is still standing (which is symbolic for the present age)."
• The veil of the tabernacle that separated the rest of the people from the Most Holy Place was called a type of Christ (Hebrews 10:19–20).
• Adam's sin brought death to all, yet Jesus offers life to all (Romans 5:12–17).
• David served as a type of Christ as the anointed king who was long unrecognized by his people (Matthew 15:22; Mark 10:47).
• Elijah served as a type for John the Baptist, both serving in the clothing of a prophet and serving as a voice in the wilderness pointing the way to God (Matthew 11:7–14).

IMPLICATIONS FOR TODAY

Understanding biblical typology deepens our connection to God's plan of salvation. When we recognize how the Old Testament elements, like the Passover lamb or the tabernacle, point to Christ, we can appreciate the rich fulfillment of God's promises in the New Testament. As we reflect on the continuity between the covenants, we are reminded of the unchanging faithfulness of God throughout history. However, a word of warning is necessary: we must focus on the types clearly identified by Scripture and not become overzealous in making connections that are not explicitly outlined in the text. Typology is meant to enrich our faith, not distract from the clear gospel message, and should be approached with discernment. An unhealthy focus on symbolism can take place that may not have been intended in the biblical text. Careful and contextual study, thoughtful reflection, and sharing in community can help us maintain proper focus and right interpretation. Also recognize that “types” are a bit different from illustrations or other connections. The Bible is a unified book with repeated themes, so such connections are plentiful, even though they are not all “types.” Overall, an understanding of biblical typology can help inspire and motivate our faith as we see how God has worked throughout history in profound ways that continue to impact our lives.

UNDERSTAND

• Typology is the study of symbols in the Bible where people, events, or objects in the Old Testament prefigure or represent realities fulfilled in the New Testament, particularly through Jesus Christ.
• Typology connects the Old and New Testaments through symbols like the Passover lamb and tabernacle, pointing to Christ.
• We need to focus on types expressly indicated in the Bible to avoid over-interpreting symbolism.

REFLECT

• What is the importance of understanding typology as you study the Bible?
• How can recognizing the symbolism in the Old Testament, like the tabernacle, the Passover lamb, or the high priest, enhance your appreciation of Jesus' role in the new covenant?
• How does the connection between the Old and New Testament covenants encourage you to trust in God's faithfulness?

ENGAGE

• What are some specific Old Testament types that help reveal God's plan of salvation through Jesus Christ?
• How can an understanding of typology help us interpret the Bible more clearly and connect the Old and New Testaments?
• Why is it important to focus on the types that the Bible explicitly identifies, and what could happen if we go beyond those to make personal interpretations?