Are there fruit or fruits of the Holy Spirit?

from the old testament

• Psalm 1:1–3 opens the Psalms by establishing that good spiritual fruit results from being rooted in God. It reads, “Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked, nor stands in the way of sinners, nor sits in the seat of scoffers; but his delight is in the law of the LORD, and on his law he meditates day and night. He is like a tree planted by streams of water that yields its fruit in its season, and its leaf does not wither. In all that he does, he prospers.”
• Conversely, those not rooted in God are called the wicked. Of them, the Psalm says, “The wicked are not so, but are like chaff that the wind drives away” (Psalm 1:4).

from the new testament

• Galatians 5:22–23 is the key verse on the “fruit of the Spirit.” It reads, “the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control.” Paul uses the singular form of “fruit” to refer to the collective ways in which the Spirit’s fruit manifests itself. However, by using the singular form, he teaches that we should view the fruit collectively, not as a list of goals or moral achievements. Interestingly, he contrasted the singular fruit of the Spirit with the plural works of the flesh (Galatians 5:19). We, in our sin, produce multiple types of sin. But in Christ, the Spirit is singularly producing fruit in us.
• Jesus helpfully explained this using both illustrations of trees (Matthew 7:17–18) and vines (John 15:4–5). In each case, fruit is the result of what comes into the tree/vine. It is not what the tree/vine works to accomplish on its own.
• Of the tree illustration, Jesus said, “You will recognize them by their fruits … every healthy tree bears good fruit, but the diseased tree bears bad fruit. A healthy tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a diseased tree bear good fruit” (Matthew 7:16–18). Using an agricultural illustration, Jesus explained that a tree’s fruit depends upon its source. The collective fruit reflects the nutrients feeding the tree.
• In John 15, He explained that righteous fruit comes only when abiding in Him. He said, “I am the vine; you are the branches. Whoever abides in me and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing” (John 15:5). The collective fruit of the believer comes from the single source of abiding in Jesus.

implications for today

Christians are counted righteous when saved (Romans 4:5), though they do not actually become actively and fully righteous! Conversion begins the lifelong process of God transforming us from unrighteous to being conformed to the image of His Son (Romans 8:29). He does that through the Holy Spirit who lives within us and changes us, as well as by us actively walking in the Spirit (Galatians 5:16) and abiding in Christ (John 15:4–5).

Because the Spirit changes our hearts and minds, and thus our view of the world, believers start demonstrating the fruit of righteousness (singular) in multiple areas. Those many differences come from the singular change of us being made more righteous.

Because the Spirit is within all believers (Romans 8:9) and because His goal is our sanctification (1 Thessalonians 4:3), all believers will have evidence of righteousness in their lives, though the evidence may vary from one believer to another. Some seasons will also show more clear evidence of fruit than others. The point is that there is fruit. However, regardless of the inconsistencies, James warned that if there’s zero evidence of fruit, that’s a warning sign of a dead (false) faith (James 2:17).

So, fruit is both expected and necessary. How can we cultivate such fruit in our lives? We start by acknowledging that apart from the Spirit and Jesus’ changing work, we can do nothing. We then faithfully abide in Him, reading God’s Word, going to church, fellowshipping with other believers, and serving in the body of Christ. As we do all of that, we are striving to live righteously, with the result that, with the Spirit’s guidance, such obedience is making us more righteous.