What does the Bible say about eternal conscious torment vs. annihilationism?

from the old testament

• Those holding to annihilationism point to verses they believe indicate a termination of the unbeliever. For example, Psalm 37:9–10, 20 reads: “For the evildoers shall be cut off, but those who wait for the LORD shall inherit the land. … But the wicked will perish; the enemies of the LORD are like the glory of the pastures; they vanish—like smoke they vanish away.” The argument is that being “cut off” and vanishing like smoke indicates the wicked will be no more.
• Similarly, Psalm 92:7 says, “though the wicked sprout like grass and all evildoers flourish, they are doomed to destruction forever.” Malachi 4:1 also reads, “For behold, the day is coming, burning like an oven, when all the arrogant and all evildoers will be stubble. The day that is coming shall set them ablaze, says the LORD of hosts, so that it will leave them neither root nor branch.” They argue that their being turned into “stubble” and a “destruction forever” indicates a complete obliteration.
• However, those verses can be read poetically. Being “cut off,” vanishing like smoke, turning into “stubble,” and being destroyed forever can be ways of describing how thorough God’s judgment will be and that the result will be a complete separation between the wicked and the righteous.
• Reading them as poetic expressions rather than statements of termination is strengthened by considering other verses, such as Daniel 12:2, which reads, “many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.” Because “everlasting life” is contrasted with “everlasting contempt,” the natural reading is that they are parallel ideas. Just as everlasting life means eternal conscious life, everlasting contempt seems to imply eternal conscious contempt.
• All sin is against God (Psalm 51:4) and being a righteous judge (Psalm 7:11), God must fully judge it (Nahum 1:2). Because sin is against the eternal God (Psalm 90:2), it is eternally offensive and requires an equal punishment. While annihilationists also believe in God’s justice, they focus on the finite creature who sinned rather than the infinite God who was sinned against. Scripture as a whole indicates that God’s name is what He is vindicating when He judges.

from the new testament

• In the New Testament, annihilationists cite proof texts of an unbeliever being completely extinguished. They generally highlight the verses that refer to the destruction of the unbeliever (Matthew 10:28) and that they will perish (John 3:16). They also understand passages that talk about death in a final sense (such as Romans 6:23) as referring to annihilation.
• However, such verses do not teach annihilation because they can be understood in multiple ways. One strong argument for eternal, conscious torment is Matthew 25:46, where Jesus referred to unbelievers facing judgment, saying, “these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.” As seen in Daniel 12:2, there is a parallel statement, and the natural reading indicates that both must be understood in the same sense. If one understands “eternal life” as eternal conscious life, that implies that “eternal punishment” is also eternal and conscious.
• Other passages add support for this understanding. For example, Revelation 14:11 reads, “the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever, and they have no rest, day or night, these worshipers of the beast and its image, and whoever receives the mark of its name.” The repetition of “ever and ever” and the statement of “no rest, day or night” are strong arguments for the eternal conscious torment view.
• Even the final judgment scene (Revelation 20:10–15) ends with unbelievers joining Satan and the false prophets in the “lake that burns with fire and sulfur, which is the second death.” The word “burns” is an ongoing, present-tense verb, implying a place of continual burning. There is no relief offered in that verse of the burning coming to an end.
• God’s mercy and love are often a core argument for annihilation, saying that God would not torment someone forever, but would have mercy at some point and stop. However, God is also just (Romans 3:26). If He stopped short of executing justice in the name of mercy, then He would not truly be just. Being “just” means that all sin will be punished completely and entirely. He is love (1 John 4:8), but His love is not the suppression of judgment but the provision of Jesus, the substitute who took His wrath. For those who do not repent and cling to Jesus, they are left to face God’s eternal wrath on their own.

implications for today

Few doctrines make believers more uncomfortable than the doctrine of hell and the thought of conscious torment. However, despite its horror, the doctrine of Hell is real. That is because it’s God’s good and sure promise that no evil will go unpunished. Hell means that those who have committed unspeakable evil, such as murder, rape, and child molestation, will personally know God’s wrath for what they have done.

However, if we’re being honest with ourselves, people like Hitler facing hell isn’t what makes us so uncomfortable. It’s the thought of family and friends spending an eternity there. Annihilation sounds like a more humane punishment.

But, Scripture teaches us three things. First, every sin against God is an infinite offense because He is infinite. Second, if any sin isn't fully paid for, then God isn’t perfectly just, which should cause us to worry that He might change His mind about us! Third, Scripture indicates that Hell won’t be experienced with the same intensity by everyone (e.g., Luke 12:47–48; Matthew 11:22–24), giving us good reason to think that someone like Hitler will face God’s wrath more fiercely than others who have not sinned to such an extent.

All sin needs to be punished. If we say only some sins deserve punishment, we undermine God’s justice and place ourselves as the judge over Him. The real dividing line, then, is not how much someone has sinned but who pays for that sin—either we bear it ourselves or Christ bears it for us. That reality makes hell both a sobering warning and a compelling call to cling to Jesus and urgently share the hope of salvation with others.