What does 'anathema' mean? What is the definition of anathema?

from the old testament

• Although the word “anathema” appears only in the New Testament, the Old Testament contains a similar idea in what God commanded to be “devoted to destruction.” Certain people, cities, or objects were set apart for judgment because they stood in opposition to God’s holiness. For example, Jericho and all within it were devoted to destruction except for Rahab (Joshua 6:17), and Israel was forbidden to take any of the “devoted things” lest they bring judgment on themselves (Joshua 7:1–12). These passages reflect the same reality later expressed by the word anathema: what stands against God’s holiness or rejects His covenant stands under His judgment.

from the new testament

• The Pharisees of Paul’s day understood anathema as a binding, self-imposed curse tied to a vow. Acts 23:12 records that certain Jews “anathematized” themselves by swearing not to eat or drink until they killed Paul. In their tradition, the word referred to such a severe dedication that one was calling down God’s judgment if he failed to fulfill his vow. They viewed it as a way to display zeal and seriousness, though often without regard for God’s righteousness.
• As a former Pharisee, Paul understood the weight of the term. In Galatians 1:8–9 he wrote, “But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach to you a gospel contrary to the one we preached to you, let him be accursed. As we have said before, so now I say again: if anyone is preaching to you a gospel contrary to the one you received, let him be accursed.” The word “accursed” is the ESV’s translation of the Greek word, anáthema. Paul warned that anyone who proclaims a false gospel stands anathema—cut off from Christ because they lead others away from salvation.
• Paul used the word again in 1 Corinthians 16:22, saying, “If anyone has no love for the Lord, let him be accursed.” He even applied the word hypothetically to himself in Romans 9:3, expressing his heartfelt desire for Israel’s salvation—wishing he could be anathema for their sake, even though such a separation was impossible for one united to Jesus. Across Paul’s writings, anathema underscores the seriousness of rejecting Christ and the truth of the gospel.

implications for today

Rejecting or changing the gospel is spiritually deadly. Scripture uses the word anathema to show that those who turn from the true message of Christ place themselves under God’s judgment. Without the true gospel, one cannot be saved. Instead, they stand accursed before God.

Many people go through life not knowing this or purposely ignoring it. Our Christian duty is to share the truth: God is holy, and we were created to know Him, but every one of us has sinned and stands guilty before Him (Romans 3:23). Because God is just, He must judge sin. Because He is merciful, He sent His Son. Jesus Christ lived a perfectly obedient life, never sinned, and willingly took the judgment our sins deserved when He died on the cross. By rising from the dead, He broke the power of death and opened the way to eternal life (Romans 4:25; 1 Peter 2:24; John 11:25–26). Salvation is not something we achieve, nor something to which we add additional merit. It comes only by repenting of our sin and trusting fully in what Christ has done (Ephesians 2:8–9).

The message isn’t complicated. People are either covered in Christ’s righteousness or under God’s wrath. We can’t change hearts, but we can and should share the truth.